Methodology

Explaining your methodology helps others know why you want to do your research in a particular way.

The data was collected through an online survey, and students from different types of institutions and programmes in Malaysia who are currently conducting online classes were approached and asked to complete the survey. Data collection for this study is conducted through a structured questionnaire and obtaining responses from 161 undergraduate students. For data acquisition, a quantitative approach was taken. Due to the current COVID-19 situation, the survey was conducted online using the google forms and the links were shared with the student through Whatsapp group of lecturers. The questionnaire items of interaction, student motivation, course structure, instructor facilitation or knowledge, students perceived learning and students satisfaction was adopted from different types of journals and reworded in the google form. The online form was made available online starting on 15th April 2021 and the survey is open for 1 weeks. The survey had a cross- section of 3 demographic questions and 51 questions regarding the determinants of students' perceived learning outcome and satisfaction in online learning during the pandemic of covid-19. The variables shown in Figure 1 were taken from previous studies (Baber, 2020).

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework. Baber (2020). Journal of Education and e-Learning Research.

In the research, the independent variables were interaction, student motivation, course structure and instructor facilitation or knowledge. The dependent variable for the study was student satisfaction, while the student perceived learning outcome was a mediating variable. In this research, we created an instrument by modifying items from multiple existing instruments on the past research in order to collect data regarding the students perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction from undergraduate students. Undergraduate students who are attending online class are being surveyed about their experiences, perceived learning and satisfaction in online courses. The responses to the items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 5 being "strongly agree," and the data was analyzed using the SmartPLS and SPSS through a variety of statistical tests conducted.

Since the survey was composed primarily of undergraduates, the majority of the respondents were between the ages of 19 and 21. In the demographic analysis, the ‘gender’ factor showed that female respondents are more than male respondents, and most of the respondents had enough experience with online learning. Based on the past research, all of the factors have a major impact on how students perceive their learning outcome. According to the past research also, students' perceptions of learning does have a beneficial influence on their satisfaction with online classes during the pandemic. Even so, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages to online learning, especially in this current 21st century where there are numerous easy ways to turn something difficult into something simple. Student satisfaction in online classes is often affected by how students perceive their learning outcomes during the Covid-19 pandemic.